What goes into preparing a fossil between when it’s found in the field and when it ends up on display or being used for research? In this video, join Fossil Preparator Urgon in the lab to see some of the tools he uses to reveal fossils like the ones on display in our galleries.
When we’re travelling, we may use a compass and map, a GPS, or the position of the sun to guide us home. But how do animals do it?
Join Corinne in this video to learn about the sixth sense of a bee and how it works as internal compass for them while they travel around their world.
It’s Indigenous Languages Day!
In this video, Tashina brings us an update on our upcoming language game, Anishinaabemowin with Amik, and shares some of the images that have been created for it by local artist Micaela Gilbert. To challenge herself, she’s sharing this update in the Anishinaabe language, which she has been learning.
We can’t wait to share this game with you all!
“April showers bring May flowers”, goes the saying, and it’s true that April does often have a lot of rain (or at least clouds) for Manitoba. On clear nights, though, we get a unique view away from our Milky Way galaxy and out into the darkness of intergalactic space. With fewer bright stars to guide you, contemplate the darkness between the stars: that’s what most of the universe is like.
Mercury is technically in the morning sky in April, but the angles dictate that it stays very low to the horizon (and probably invisible) from Manitoba. Southern hemisphere viewers get their best morning views this year of the elusive innermost planet.
Venus has moved between us and the Sun (well, just above the Sun) and is now low in the east before dawn.
Mars is still bright in the evening sky, forming an ever-changing triangle with the bright stars Castor and Pollux in Gemini.
Jupiter still shines brightly in the evening sky, high in the southwest after sunset in the constellations of Taurus.
Saturn has moved into the morning sky, but like Mercury it is very low to the horizon and probably invisible from Manitoba until near the end of the month. Saturn will be a summer feature this year, so wait a few months and you’ll get a great view.
Uranus sets very soon after the sun and is not easily observable this month. You’d need at least binoculars, and probably a small telescope, to be able to spot it, and even then it’s so far from Earth that it appears as just a faint “star” in a field of other stars.
Neptune is invisible without a telescope at the best of times, and this month is not the best of times. Neptune is near Venus in the bright twilight sky before sunrise and is unobservable this month.
Of the five known dwarf planets, none are visible with typical backyard telescopes this month.
All times are given in the local time for Manitoba: Central Daylight Time (UTC-5). However, most of these events are visible across Canada at the same local time without adjusting for time zones.
Tuesday, Apr. 1, 2025 (evening): The thin crescent Moon is above the Pleiades star cluster in the evening sky. Both with fit comfortably into the field of view of typical household binoculars.
Wednesday, Apr. 2, 2025 (evening): The thin crescent Moon stands above and to the right of Jupiter in the west after sunset. in the evening sky. You should be able to see both in binoculars at the same time. Look for some tiny dots in a line very close to Jupiter – those are some of its largest moons! Callisto is the one farthest to the right and likely the one most easily seen in binoculars. Good eyesight or higher magnification may show a second dot closer to the bright planet – that’s Ganymede and Europa, which appear right beside each other tonight, merged into a single point.
Thursday, Apr. 3, 2025 (evening): The waxing crescent Moon is about halfway between bright white Jupiter (to its lower right) and reddish Mars (higher and to its left) in the west and southwest after sunset.
Friday, Apr. 4, 2025 (evening): The first-quarter Moon forms an almost-triangle with Mars and the stars Castor and Pollux. From bottom left, we have Mars, Pollux, and Castor.
Saturday, Apr. 5, 2025 (evening): The waxing gibbous Moon is to the left of Mars tonight. Both fit into the field of view of typical binoculars. This is a good chance to compare the reddish colour of Mars with the grey-white tones of the Moon.
Thursday, Apr. 10, 2025 (evening): After weeks of flirting as a triangle, Mars forms an almost-straight line with Castor and Pollux this evening. Nothing significant about this, other than it looks cool from our point of view here on Earth. (Mars is only 185 million kilometers away, while Pollux is 324 billion km and the six stars of the Castor system are 25 trillion km distant. Their apparent alignment is in in two dimensions as seen from this particular corner of the universe.)
Saturday, Apr. 12, 2025: Full Moon
Sunday, Apr. 20, 2025: Last Quarter Moon
Monday, Apr. 21, 2025 (evening): Tonight is the peak of the annual Lyrids meteor shower. Beginning around 11 p.m. local time you can expect to see a dozen or so meteors per hour from a dark sky location. The show intensifies after midnight and into the pre-dawn hours of the 22nd. As meteor showers go, this one isn’t at the same level as the Geminids of December or even the Perseids of August, but it’s a nice evening under the stars in cool spring skies before the mosquitoes hatch.
Thursday, Apr. 24, 2025 (morning): The thin crescent moon is visible off to the right of bright Venus in the eastern sky about a half-hour before sunrise.
Friday, Apr. 25, 2025 (morning): The thin crescent Moon has moved to the lower left of Venus. Both are visible in the eastern sky just before dawn.
Sunday, Apr. 27, 2025: New Moon
Tuesday, Apr. 29, 2025 (evening): The crescent Moon reprises its appearance with Jupiter, although this time they are too far apart to fit into the view through binoculars at the same time. The Moon is slightly below and to Jupiter’s right this evening after sunset.
Also tonight, Mars begins its approach to the Beehive star cluster (also known as Messier 44 or M44) in the constellation of Cancer the Crab. While the cluster is just a faint smudge in binoculars, a small telescope shows a few dozen stars. Mars will skirt the northern edge of the cluster during the first week or May, making for interesting pictures for small telescope users.
Wednesday, Apr. 30, 2025 (morning): You might be able to glimpse Saturn through binoculars starting today if you’re up early. Start looking about 5:30 am local time. First, find Venus, which is the brightest (and probably only) “star” you will see in the bright twilight glow in the east. Put Venus near the “10 o’clock” position in your binoculars, and then look for a really faint object near the “4 o’clock” position. That’s Saturn. It will likely only be visible for a short window between when it rises and when the sky is too bright to see it/
Wednesday, Apr. 30, 2025 (evening): The crescent Moon stands above Jupiter in the western sky after sunset.
Outside of the regular events listed above, there are other things we see in the sky that can’t always be predicted in advance.
Aurora borealis, the northern lights, are becoming a more common sight again as the Sun goes through the maximum of its 11-year cycle of activity. Particles from the Sun interact with the Earth’s magnetic field and the high upper atmosphere to create glowing curtains of light around the north (and south) magnetic poles of the planet. Manitoba is well-positioned relative to the north magnetic pole to see these displays often, but they still can’t be forecast very far in advance. A site like Space Weather can provide updates on solar activity and aurora forecasts for the next 48 hours. The best way to see the aurora is to spend a lot of time out under the stars, so that you are there when they occur.,
Random meteors (also known as falling or shooting stars) occur every clear night at the rate of about 5-10 per hour. Most people don’t see them because of light pollution from cities, or because they don’t watch the sky uninterrupted for an hour straight. They happen so quickly that a single glance down at your phone or exposure to light can make you miss one.
Satellites are becoming extremely common sights in the hours after sunset and before dawn. Appearing as a moving star that takes a few minutes to cross the sky, they appear seemingly out of nowhere. These range from the International Space Station and Chinese space station Tianhe, which have people living on them full-time, to remote sensing and spy satellites, to burnt-out rocket parts and dead satellites. These can be predicted in advance (or identified after the fact) using a site like Heavens Above by selecting your location.
With the Hudson’s Bay Company being in the news quite a lot lately, some people have expressed concern for the objects in the Hudson’s Bay Company Museum Collection. Join Dr. Amelia Fay in the HBC Gallery to learn a bit more about how this collection came to be here at the Manitoba Museum!
Grizzly bears sighted along the coast of the Hudson Bay have made it into the news in recent years, but did you know they once roamed as far as southern Manitoba too?
Join Dr. Randy Mooi in the museum collection and the Prairies Gallery to learn how we know grizzlies roamed this far southeast.
Geologic time is truly staggering. It is hard to comprehend even for geologists, so we often rely on analogies to convey the vastness of time. If you could count one year per second, it would take an hour and 17 minutes until you had counted the age of the oldest Egyptian pyramids. Keep going, and it would take over 2 years before you reached the end of the age of dinosaurs. You would have to keep going for another 5 and a half years to get to the age of the earliest dinosaurs and another 12 on top of that to reach the earliest animals. It would be impossible to count to the age of the Earth, as it would take 144 years to get to 4.54 billion.
But, how do we actually know how old a particular specimen or event is? This is one of the most common questions I am asked as Curator of Palaeontology and Geology. It’s an excellent question, but not an easy one to answer in a concise way, so I will do my best to provide a more comprehensive answer here.
Manitoba has changed immensely over Earth’s history. While Churchill is now a cold, arctic environment close to 60 degrees north of the equator, about 450 million years ago it was equatorial and covered by a tropical sea. This is due to the shifting of the plates that make up the Earth’s crust, which move at about the speed that your fingernails grow.
You may have heard of carbon dating before. This approach relies on the radioactive decay of a naturally occurring form of the chemical element carbon. As with all elements, carbon atoms can come in several different forms, called isotopes. Isotopes share the same number of positive particles (protons) in their atomic nucleus, but differ in the number of neutral particles (neutrons). The majority of carbon on Earth is an isotope called carbon-12, which is stable. However, other forms of carbon exist, including an unstable form called carbon-14, characterized by two extra neutrons in its nucleus. Carbon-14 atoms decay over time, as one of their neutrons converts into a proton, releasing radiation and transforming the unstable carbon atom into a stable nitrogen atom. New carbon-14 is constantly being generated in the atmosphere by the action of cosmic rays from space which cause the conversion of nitrogen atoms into carbon-14.
Critically, the decay of carbon-14 happens at a predictable rate. By measuring this rate, we can predict that half of the carbon-14 that exists now will have decayed in 5,730 plus or minus 40 years. This length of time is known as the half life of carbon-14 and it is this concept that allows us to date materials made of carbon. Living organisms take in carbon, including carbon-14, either from carbon dioxide gas via photosynthesis or from feeding on other organisms. While organisms are alive, their supply of carbon-14 is continuously replenished. Once they die, carbon intake ceases and the carbon-14 “clock” is started. By measuring the amount of carbon-14 remaining in a sample of an ancient organism, we can calculate how long ago it died.
One of the oldest rocks on the surface of the Earth, called Acasta Gneiss, on display in the Earth History gallery. It is close to 4 billion years old and is found in Northwest Territories. The age of the Earth and Solar System are estimated to be even older based on measuring the age of meteorites and samples from the moon, which are less subject to processes that reset the radiometric “clock”.
Unfortunately, there’s a catch: if a sample is more than about 50,000 years old, the amount of carbon-14 remaining will be too small to permit an accurate age estimate. For older samples, scientists have to rely on different elements. For example, uranium-238 decays into lead-206 with a half life of about 4.47 billion years. Since uranium-238 is commonly trapped in in certain minerals when they form, it is ideal for measuring the age of older events in Earth’s history. Several other clocks, or more technically radiometric dating systems, exist and these can often be compared to each other to improve the accuracy of estimates.
Not every sample can be dated using an absolute method. For example, many fossils are too old for carbon dating and have insufficient uranium content for uranium-lead dating (although new approaches are pushing the boundaries of what is possible).
Similarly, sedimentary rocks like sandstones and limestones are formed of many different components including fragments of older rocks, fossils, and mineral crystals that have grown in between. Dating these components can give differing ages, sometimes producing misleading age estimates for samples. Further, alteration of rock under high heat and pressure or by the seeping of groundwater can enable atoms to move into and out of its crystalline structure (element mobility), which can “reset” the radiometric system.
This is where a second, complimentary approach called relative dating comes in. Even before there was a well-developed conception of evolution, scientists noticed that there was a regular pattern to the occurrence of different species throughout Earth’s rock record. We now know that this pattern is a consequence of the evolution and extinction of species. Mammoths, dinosaurs, and trilobites are all found only in particular rock layers and are absent from others. At a finer scale, careful examination reveals multiple successions of particular species, from which a comprehensive sequence can be built up. Since rock layers are deposited one on top of the other, the ordered succession of organisms gives us a clue about the relative age of the layers they are found in. If we can date rock layers above and below a particular fossil using radiometric dating, then we know that the fossil must be intermediate between those ages. If we then find the same fossil elsewhere, we have a relative idea of how old the rock it occurs in must be.
This section of rock on display in the Earth History Gallery is the boundary between the Cretaceous and Paleogene Periods, marking the end of the age of dinosaurs. Radiometric dating has allowed precise age estimates for this boundary layer, recently placing it at 66.02 plus or minus 0.08 million years.
The time scale in the Earth History gallery shows the names of major time intervals. The cylindrical rock slices are pieces of rocks of each interval found in Manitoba. Some time intervals are not represented in our province, corresponding to gaps in the time scale. Since this display was constructed, there have been changes and refinements to the time scale that will require updating in the future.
Fossils are not the only source of information that can be used for relative dating. Chemical and magnetic signatures also exhibit observable patterns of change through time that can be used to order rock layers by age. By combining insights from various relative and absolute dating methods around the world, the Earth’s timescale has been built up. The timescale is broken up into a number of named intervals, often based on particularly noticeable changes in the types of fossils. For example, the end of the Cretaceous Period is marked by the extinction of the dinosaurs, with the exception of birds.
Earth’s geological time scale should certainly be ranked among our most significant scientific achievements. This is the result of a long and fascinating history, with insights being drawn from multiple different disciplines of study around the globe. While we now have a pretty good idea of the age of key events throughout Earth’s history, new research is constantly refining dates, enabling us to understand events in the deep past with ever increasing precision.
The Manitoba Museum’s newest Planetarium show will take you to the edge of space and the bottom of the sea.
Premiering Saturday, March 29, Voyage of the Stars: A Sea and Space Adventure is an exciting experience for all ages.
Astéria, an adorable little starfish, dreams of going on an adventure, just like her hero, Captain Octopus.
Aboard Stella’s submersible spacecraft, the two friends explore the wonders under the sea. ©RSACosmo
Realistic and stunning underwater scenes complement the planetarium’s awesome space imagery. ©RSACosmo
One morning, as she gazes at the starry sky giving way to dawn, a spaceship from outer space crash-lands next to her. On board is Stella, a daring shooting star who urgently needs to find fuel to be able to return to space!
Together, they embark on an exciting quest under the oceans. During their journey, Astéria introduces Stella to the fascinating diversity of marine species, while Stella shares her knowledge about Earth, the Moon, and the Sun. Exploring the deep oceans of Earth and exploring deep space have many similarities, which the two friends discover during their adventure. Gradually, they realize the magical connection that ties underwater life to the vastness of space.
Authentic underwater visuals will enchant audiences of all ages. ©RSACosmo
Astéria and Stella explore the motions of the Earth and Moon. ©RSACosmo
This film, designed for younger viewers, offers authentic underwater visuals that will enchant audiences of all ages. With a fun storyline and endearing characters, the show is appropriate for all ages.
Voyage of the Stars: A Sea and Space Adventure premieres Saturday, March 29 at the Manitoba Museum Planetarium and runs daily during Spring Break programming. It will continue to run weekends starting April 12.
If you live in North America and are set to have clear skies the night of Thursday to Friday, then you’ll have a chance to see a total lunar eclipse this week!
Join Planetarium Astronomer Scott Young to learn how lunar eclipses occur, and when to be on the watch for this one.
Have you heard of Manitoban E. Cora Hind? Renowned agricultural journalist, world traveler, and suffragist, she has a pretty fascinating story! Join Cortney this International Women’s Day to learn more about E. Cora Hind and see some of the objects from her in our collection.
