Cover Shot

Cover Shot

By Dr. Graham Young, past Curator of Palaeontology & Geology

 

Around the Museum this morning, people are excited that Justin Bieber and Selena Gomez visited over the weekend, enjoying a private dinner aboard the Nonsuch. I am pleased that they liked the Museum, and that they were particularly interested in Ancient Seas. But there is another piece of external attention that I am just as pleased about, even if it is unlikely to ever attract a story on Entertainment Tonight. In fact, I would have to say that I am “chuffed.”

A couple of weeks back, my colleague Bob Elias and I were contacted by the editors of the paleontological journal Lethaia, who were wondering if we might have photos suitable for their cover. It was time for a change from the ammonoid that had graced the cover for several years, and since there were going to be papers about fossil corals and reefs in a coming issue, they were looking for a suitable image of a Paleozoic coral.

Cover mock-up of a book in blue and grey shades with the title, "Lethaia", on the front. A fossil specimen image is positioned front and centre.

So Bob and I scouted around to see what we had. I had some very good photos of Manitoba specimens, but they were all colour slides shot in pre-digital times and I knew from experience that it is hard to get a really first-rate image from a scanned slide. So I delved into the collection, pulling out some of those same specimens and placing them onto the flatbed scanner. With the scanner the pixel count is virtually infinite, and after a bit of editing I was able to get images that seemed to work. Bob and I selected a variety of photos from what we had, and sent them off to the editors.

Last week we received a message with this cover mock-up:

Close-up on a half oval-shaped fossil specimen with a clean cut along the front side showing numerous fossils in the specimen.

There, snuggled into the standard Lethaia cover, is one of the Ordovician tabulate corals from Garson, Manitoba. This is a coral generally identified as Calapoecia sp. cf. C. anticostiensis Billings; the image is of a colony that had been vertically cut and fine polished. The rock unit in which it occurs is the Upper Ordovician (Katian) Selkirk Member of the Red River Formation. This unit, more commonly known as Tyndall Stone, is quarried at Garson and used as a beautiful building stone all over Canada. The coral specimen actually came from rubble heaps at the stone quarry; what could possibly be more representative of this region?

 

Image: This vertically cut and polished colony of Calapoecia records growth of the coral animals on the ancient tropical seafloor. The horizontal band of sediment to the right of the middle represents an interval in which the animals in part of the colony had died off. This was followed by regeneration as new polyps grew to colonize the “dead” surface (The Manitoba Museum, I-3413).

Maybe this won’t attract hundreds new visitors to the Museum, but it is still nice to have since it will make our existence known to people in very distant places. It is good to see our collections out there; they are so often useful in ways that we have not even thought of!

Colours of Lichens

On October 28 a new natural history exhibit on the Colours in Nature will open in the Museum’s Discovery Room. Organisms and minerals representing all the colours of the rainbow will be on display. Unfortunately no flowering plant specimens will be displayed (only photographs) because, unfortunately, most of the plants in our collection represent only one colour: brown. If the exhibit was on the colour brown in nature, boy would I have a lot stuff to show!

The plants weren’t always brown of course. Before they were collected the leaves were bright green and the flowers hot pink, yellow, orange, and purple. Sadly the drying process almost always results in the loss of at least some colour. Age doesn’t help matters either, the older a plant is, the browner it gets.

Close-up on a cluster of small mushrooms with bulbous, waxy red caps.

British Soldier lichens have distinct red caps.

Textured orange lichen growing alongside smooth silvery lichen on a branch.

Gold-eye lichens are becoming rare because they are sensitive to air pollution.

Patches of green, yellow, and silvery lichen growing on a tree trunk.

The specimens from the Botany collection that ARE on display are fungi, lichens in particular. Lichens are a fascinating group of organisms. They consist of tiny algae or cyanobacteria (the photobiont) living inside the tissue of a fungus (the mycobiont). The relationship is, for the most part, mutually beneficial with the algae photosynthesizing and providing carbohydrates to the fungus and the fungus protecting the algae. This symbiosis enables both organisms to live in harsh environments where they probably couldn’t live independently (like on rock). Some lichens living in really harsh environments (like the Antarctic) are cryptoendoliths, meaning that they live inside the rock, penetrating the tiny spaces in between granite and marble crystals. In fact, some scientists think that if we find life on Mars it may be inside the rocks!

 

Image: Green, yellow and silvery lichens are common on oak trees.

In some lichens the colour of the green algae inside the fungus shows through, especially when wet. If the lichen dries out, it may look grey or brown. Other lichens produce brightly coloured pigments like the brilliant yellow pulvinic acid or the reddish anthraquinones. Why lichens produce these chemicals is still a bit of a mystery but one of the best hypotheses is that they act as algal sunscreen, protecting the sensitive algae from harmful UV radiation in sunny habitats. For this reason, the brightest lichens in Manitoba can be found on the tundra in the far north as well as on rocks in the grasslands.

Vibrant green, low-growing lichen with algae growing inside.

The green colour of the algae inside this Cladonia lichen shows through when wet.

Yellow lichen growing on branches near the ground.

Powdered sunshine lichens were traditionally used as a source of yellow dye.

So if I’ve piqued your curiosity, come on down to the Museum to see our collection of brightly coloured lichens (and minerals and brightly coloured birds and butterflies too).

Dr. Diana Bizecki Robson

Dr. Diana Bizecki Robson

Curator of Botany

Dr. Bizecki Robson obtained a Master’s Degree in Plant Ecology at the University of Saskatchewan studying rare plants of the mixed grass prairies. After working as an environmental consultant and sessional lecturer…
Meet Dr. Bizecki Robson